(************** Content-type: application/mathematica ************** Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used with any Mathematica-compatible application, such as Mathematica, MathReader or Publicon. The data for the notebook starts with the line containing stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). 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They specify which broad mathematical subjects should \ be covered, but never state precise contents, or how this should be achieved, \ and they avoid discussion on the relevance of mathematical thinking and \ mathematical proof. An overview of curricula in European countries confirms \ this. Everybody agrees that use of technology enhances teaching at all levels. \ Published guidelines state that institutes should provide processes to \ prepare students for achieving education goals without specific \ recommendations. Moreover content implementation has to be updated regularly \ following the rapid changes in the technology, and this is expensive in \ printed formats. Symbolic platforms are doing all technical computing and \ modeling. They also allow better insight in concepts and proofs. It is \ necessary to study how these capabilities can be transferred to the learners. \ The presentation will concentrate on what learner attitudes should be \ cultivated for maximal profit. The question of organization of exams in a \ technology environment will also be addressed. Finally, a vertical approach in the curriculum by project work is made \ possible by efficient use of technology. This will be illustrated by a case \ study around one topic (the spirograph) that reaches from elementary geometry \ into advanced analysis and its applications. These guidelines for curriculum achievement will be illustrated by a case \ study on the introduction of the number e and the exponential \ function.\ \>", "SmallText"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Guidelines for curriculum development under technology", "Section"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["\<\ Final EU Report FP6 from the Working Party on Education and \ Training\ \>", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ states in its paragraph on \"Policies and initiatives\" that, while \ many countries involved in the round FP5 projects have developed activities, \ some issues should be adressed in the future, especially \tteacher training [which is an outstanding issue everywhere] \tthe huge lack of useful and appropriate content for e-learning, \tand the need for continued learning. They recommend (quoting from the text):\ \>", "Text"], Cell["Content development and the e-learning as such.", "Text", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell["\<\ Research should be driven by learning pull rather than technology \ push.\ \>", "Text", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell["Modular learning objects and their management are required.", "Text", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell["\<\ The support to the teachers is seen as an element in future \ advanced \"Community Knowledge Networks\" where the school, the library the \ local government and local industry is working together with centers of \ excellence supporting and involving pupils, the teachers and parents, the \ learning community.\ \>", "Text", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell["\<\ Support to teachers/educators in using ICT in educational contexts: \ on the school level more and better support to the teachers concerning the \ use of ICT in the learning process is needed.\ \>", "Text", FontWeight->"Bold"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Symbolic system to support the mathematics curriculum", "Subsection"], Cell["acceptable by a large number of teachers", "Subsubsection"], Cell["\<\ a symbolic system should last for a full studying career and beyond\ \ \>", "Subsubsection"], Cell["that avoids \"black boxes\" ", "Subsubsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["stays close to mathematical thinking", "Subsubsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\ \(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\)\)], "Input"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Visual introduction", "Subsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["shows how technology can enhance mathematical content", "Subsubsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\ \)\)], "Input"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Experimenting", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ the research buildup paradigm: experiment \[Rule] \ conjecture \[Rule] proof\ \>", "Subsubsection"], Cell["qualitative analysis of the result ", "Subsubsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["\<\ simulations indicate tendencies when no exact results can be \ obtained \ \>", "Subsubsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\ \(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\)\)], "Input"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Control", "Subsection"], Cell["graphical output is checked faster ", "Subsubsection"], Cell["qualitative considerations are important", "Subsubsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["programming answers to deepen understanding ", "Subsubsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\ \(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\)\)], "Input"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Assessment", "Subsection"], Cell["need for a new exam system including project work", "Subsubsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["exam questions depend on a random entry ", "Subsubsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\ \)\)], "Input"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Definitions of \[ExponentialE]", "Section"], Cell["\<\ In our country, the secondary curriculum covers part of the one \ variable calculus, and all of my students know before starting their first \ semester what the number \[ExponentialE] stands for. A small survey points out that\ \>", "Text"], Cell["\<\ \t60 % of my students have learned \[ExponentialE] as a limit \t15 %of my students have learned \[ExponentialE] as approximated by a \ sequence \t25 %of my students have learned \[ExponentialE] by a property of \ derivatives.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["The number \[ExponentialE] numerically", "Subsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\[ExponentialE] == 2.71\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(False\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\[ExponentialE] == 2.71828\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(False\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(N[\[ExponentialE], 12]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(2.718281828459045`\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(N[\[ExponentialE], 20]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(2.718281828459045235360287471352662`20\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(% \[Equal] \[ExponentialE]\)], "Input"], 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Interpolating values \ in a binary way will approximate the value of \[ExponentialE] .\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ RowBox[{\(a = 2.718\), ";", RowBox[{\(f(10)\), "\[LessEqual]", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["f", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "(", "10", ")"}]}]}], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(False\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ RowBox[{\(a = 2.719\), ";", RowBox[{\(f(10)\), "\[LessEqual]", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["f", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "(", "10", ")"}]}]}], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(True\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ RowBox[{\(a = 2.7185\), ";", RowBox[{\(f(10)\), "\[LessEqual]", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["f", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "(", "10", ")"}]}]}], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(True\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ RowBox[{\(a = 2.71825\), ";", RowBox[{\(f(10)\), "\[LessEqual]", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["f", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "(", "10", ")"}]}]}], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(False\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ RowBox[{\(a = 2.718375\), ";", RowBox[{\(f(10)\), "\[LessEqual]", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["f", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "(", "10", ")"}]}]}], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(True\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell["\<\ The next guess coud be around a=2.718325 , and so on. This \ iteration is faster than the limit definition. Finally it turns out that\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ FractionBox[\(\[PartialD]\[ExponentialE]\^x\), \(\[PartialD]x\), MultilineFunction->None], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\[ExponentialE]\^x\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[BoxData[ \(This\ \ \[ExponentialE]\^x\ \ is\ the\ only\ power\ function\ that\ is\ \ its\ own\ \(\(derivative\)\(.\)\(\ \)\)\)], "Text", FontFamily->"Times"], Cell[BoxData[ \(There\ is\ no\ circular\ reasoning\ here, \ since\ slopes\ can\ be\ defined\ for\ graphs\ of\ functions\ defined\ \ only\ on\ rationals\ and\ \ \ \[ExponentialE]\ \ \ can\ be\ obtained\ as\ a\ \ rational\ approximation\ by\ binary\ search\ or\ \(\(guessing\)\(.\)\)\)], \ "Text", FontFamily->"Times"], Cell["\<\ One other advantage of this approach is the holistic consideration \ of graphs rather than (huge sets ) of numbers, or excel-like value tables \ (fishbone diagrams) that tell little about the qualitative behavior of the \ functions.\ \>", 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Early introduction of such rescaling is very useful in many other situations \ as well.\ \>", "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Plotting the derivative", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Is done in many education packages. It should be stressed that the crucial \ point is that differentiable functions allow linear approximations locally, \ i.e. zooming in will eventually yield a straight line. \nBetter still is the \ ", StyleBox["holistic", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]], " consideration of the derivative of a function at all points, and the \ investigation (at least on bounded intervals) of uniform convergence of the \ differential quotients involved in the definition of derivative." }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(Taylor\ polynomials\ and\ series\ are\ derived\ using\ the\ derivative\ \ of\ \ \[ExponentialE]\^x\)], "Text", FontFamily->"Times"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Series[g[x], {x, 0, 12}] // TraditionalForm\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ InterpretationBox[ RowBox[{\(g(0)\), "+", RowBox[{ RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["g", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "(", "0", ")"}], " ", "x"}], "+", RowBox[{\(1\/2\), " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["g", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], 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InterpretationBox[GridBox[{ {"0.5`"}, {"0.6`"}, {"0.625`"}, {"0.6307692307692307`"}, {"0.6319018404907975`"}, {"0.6320899335717935`"}, {"0.6321167883211679`"}, {"0.632120144889189`"}, {"0.6321205178374104`"}, {"0.6321205551321909`"}, {"0.6321205585226252`"}, {"0.6321205588051614`"} }, RowSpacings->1, ColumnSpacings->3, RowAlignments->Baseline, ColumnAlignments->{Left}], TableForm[ {0.5, 0.59999999999999998, 0.625, 0.63076923076923075, 0.63190184049079745, 0.63208993357179355, 0.63211678832116791, 0.632120144889189, 0.63212051783741041, 0.6321205551321909, 0.63212055852262516, 0.63212055880516138}]]], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell["\<\ This means that we can make money betting the following odds:\ \>", \ "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"\[IndentingNewLine]", ButtonBox["Gambling", ButtonData:>{ FrontEnd`FileName[ {"Discrete and counting"}, "GamblingShuffles.nb", CharacterEncoding -> "MacintoshRoman"], None}, ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]}]], "Input"], Cell["\<\ and the number \[ExponentialE] appears in many other problems of \ probability as well.\ \>", "Text"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Control ", "Section"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["The Stirling formula", "Subsection"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"\[IndentingNewLine]", "\[IndentingNewLine]", ButtonBox["Stirling", ButtonData:>{ FrontEnd`FileName[ {"Functions"}, "StirlingFormula.nb", CharacterEncoding -> "MacintoshRoman"], None}, ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]}]], "Input"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Recovering the instability of the plot by the series", "Subsection"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"\[IndentingNewLine]", ButtonBox["Limit", ButtonData:>{ FrontEnd`FileName[ {"Calculus"}, "LimitE.nb", CharacterEncoding -> "MacintoshRoman"], None}, ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]}]], "Input"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Extending the definition", "Section"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Trigonometry and vectors in the complex plane", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ Many facts from trigonometry can be obtained and simplified using \ complex exponentials.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ ButtonBox["Directions", ButtonData:>{ FrontEnd`FileName[ {"Fourier plane"}, "Directions.nb", CharacterEncoding -> "MacintoshRoman"], None}, ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]], "Input"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["The series", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Knowing one power series is a good starting point for developing the \ theory of (Mc Laurin and) Taylor series, even in the complex case.\n\ Exponential generating functions can be introduced as straightforward \ generalisations of the exponential and these are useful in many problems in \ discrete mathematics, where order is important. \nFor instance: what is the \ number of 12 letter words that can be written with four characters A B C D, \ if the first character A has to appear an even number of times and the last \ character D has to appear an uneven number of times. The answer is the \ coefficient of ", Cell[BoxData[ \(x\^12\/\(12!\)\)]], " in the expression of " }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`1\/4\ \[ExponentialE]\^x\ \[ExponentialE]\^x\ \((\ \[ExponentialE]\^x + \[ExponentialE]\^\(-x\))\)\ \((\[ExponentialE]\^x - \ \[ExponentialE]\^\(-x\))\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\/4\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(2\ x\)\ \((\(-\[ExponentialE]\^\(-x\)\) + \ \[ExponentialE]\^x)\)\ \((\[ExponentialE]\^\(-x\) + \[ExponentialE]\^x)\)\)], \ "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(Series[%, {x, 0, 15}];\)\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\(12!\)\ Coefficient[%, x\^12]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(4194304\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell["\<\ So with these 12 letterwords we could roughly make all words in \ every language.\ \>", "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["The derivative", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ All kinds of derivatives involving powers can be computed from the \ derivative of the exponential by use of the chain rule.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ FractionBox[\(\[PartialD]\[ExponentialE]\^\(g(x)\)\), \(\[PartialD]x\), MultilineFunction->None], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ RowBox[{\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(g(x)\)\), " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["g", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "(", "x", ")"}]}], TraditionalForm]], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell["and knowing that (in fact the only other useful formula):", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a =. ; a\^x == \[ExponentialE]\^\(x\ \(log(a)\)\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(True\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell["\<\ For students used to working on a computer screen, extending \ variables on the (real) line to the plane should not be too difficult. The definition of the exponential extends immediately to complex variables: \ \ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ FractionBox[\(\[PartialD]\[ExponentialE]\^z\), \(\[PartialD]z\), MultilineFunction->None], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`\[ExponentialE]\^z\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ FormBox[ FractionBox[\(\[PartialD]\[ExponentialE]\^\(\[ImaginaryI]\ y\)\), \(\ \[PartialD]y\), MultilineFunction->None], TraditionalForm]], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\[ImaginaryI]\ \[ExponentialE]\^\(\[ImaginaryI]\ y\)\)], "Output"] }, Closed]], Cell["\<\ and this can be visualised using the limit of the same differential \ quotient (vector) in the complex plane.\ \>", "Text"], Cell["Take the limit of the vectors", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\[ExponentialE]\^\(\[ImaginaryI]\ y\) - 1\)\/y\)], "Input"], Cell["\<\ for y tending to zero. The derivative is again the basis for \ setting up the (complex) Taylor approximation.\ \>", "Text"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Applications", "Section"], Cell["Where do we go from here?", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Trigonometry revisited", "Subsection"], Cell["\<\ We know how to specify directions in the plane. 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